Wednesday, October 30, 2019
COmpare and Contrast Human RIghts Instruments in groups Essay
COmpare and Contrast Human RIghts Instruments in groups - Essay Example People across the globe can be categorized into different groups according to their needs. In order to uphold the rights of different recognizable groups, there are different instruments that are used. Thus, according to the United Nations (2006, p.3), the following human rights instruments are used to protect the rights of different groups: â€Å"Article 40 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1966, Article 9 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, (ICERD), 1965, Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 1979, Article 19 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), 1984, Article 44 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 1989 and Article 73 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, (ICMW), 1990.â₠¬ In every nation, there are different political groups and they represent diverse views and interests. However, there is a tendency by dominant political groups to suppress other groups with diverse ideological view but this should not be the case since any person according to the United Nations has a right to join a political group of desire. In this regard, it can be seen that Article 40 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1966 is the instrument used to protect the rights of people belonging to different political groups. Similarly, it can be seen that people across the whole globe belong to different races and it can be seen that they have a right to equal protection under international law. The instrument that can be applied is Article 9 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, (ICERD), 1965. In the same vein, it can be observed
Monday, October 28, 2019
English as the official language of the U.S. Essay Example for Free
English as the official language of the U.S. Essay The English language has already been established as the official language in 28 States; this would beg the question, what made these States pass such an Act, especially since the Courts already designated such a law as being unconstitutional and infringing upon the First Amendment speech rights (Feder, 12). This question will be addressed throughout the paper, which will first consider the legal proceedings that have occurred thus far for this ‘Official English’ movement. The finding of this paper is self-evident in that the objections to this movement have been rendered invalid, largely due to a lack of irrefutable arguments as the paper will demonstrate. The numerous advantages that will be highlighted will argue for, and show, the benefit to the nation – to both the majority as well as the minorities – of making English the official language of the U. S. U. S. Legislature As of the publishing of the CRS Report in 2007, 28 states in the United States have declared English as the official language in their state constitutions. On the flip side, the U. S. Constitution has enacted several laws such as the Voting Rights Act, the Civil Rights Act, and the Equal Educational Opportunities Act in an effort to protect the language rights of the country’s minorities. These Acts authorize, amongst others, the use of voting materials in states and political subdivisions, with instructions in two languages at the same time, as well the use of languages other than English, when deemed essential, to provide effective and efficient public and private services. The U. S. Congress initiated its effort towards the Official English movement in 1984 with ‘The English Language Amendment’ that was proposed for the Constitution, and it culminated when ‘The Language in Government Act’ passed the House in 1996, but failed to do so in the Senate. Amendments to ‘The Language in Government Act’ were later introduced, with the Inhofe Amendment passing in the 109th Congress which affirmed English as the ‘national language’, and later as the unifying language of the U. S. ; at the same time, ensuring the rights of minorities (Feder, 4). Consequent to Amendments that were later introduced, the passage of such Legislature would now largely be a symbolic one with negligible or zero actual effect on the inhabitants of the country, with regards to the legal aspects. This is largely because â€Å"†¦ an affirmation by the Congress of the central place of English in our national life and culture †¦ would not, of its own force, require or prohibit any particular action or policy by the government or private persons. Nor would it, without more, imply the repeal or modification of existing federal or state laws and regulations sanctioning the use of non-English for various purposes,†as stated in Feder, 4-5. Benefits The basic principle upon which the proponents of this movement rest their reason for making English the official language of the United States is that it serves to create a bond of unity. While this bond can be used in order to address any issues through more effective communication between the relevant parties, it also does not rob anyone of their heritage. As stated by Adams, 111, â€Å"All languages and cultures are precious in our history and are to be preserved and maintained. These are not, however, public responsibilities. †Parsimonious equity is another, much touted reason for the movement. Where equity states that all judicial hearings should allow a defendant the right to be heard in the language (s)he is most conversant and comfortable with so as to permit the population to be served by the government. Parsimonious equity, on the other hand, maintains that in order to ensure that the government is not bogged down under administrative costs of ensuring an interpreter for each individual need, an official language must be recognized that will ensure that all legal and government related proceedings be dealt with in English. Such a system remains equitable, as well as, limits the costs associated with such activities (Fishman, 59). With regards to the ‘language-rights’ argument it must be noted that while protecting the rights of minorities in of itself is a sufficiently altruistic and, in the case of the U. S. , required task of the government, it must be ensured that the majority not be discriminated against either. Such a paradox would result in the formation of extreme political parties that would effectively shut out the minorities, due to their large, and united, numbers. In light of this argument, the proponents stress that by officiating the role of the English speaking majority in the United States the government will preclude the establishment of such highly biased and extreme parties, and maintain the unity and equity of the nation. Therefore, while it may be historically justified for minorities to seek redress for past acts of subjugation, as usually happens with minorities, and oppose the majority, it would be more I keeping with the â€Å"interest of [the] linguistic minorities to seek a balance,†as stated by Joseph, 62. To an extent it seems understandable that the minorities might feel as if they are being presented with a raw deal, but when the minorities themselves start supporting the cause for making English the official language this argument against the movement is rendered void, and is in fact turned into another reason for supporting the movement. Such a case was witnessed in Alabama, where the black-majority counties voted for the movement by a significant margin (Tatalovich, 244). Learning from Canada Looking at the northern neighbor of the United States, proponents of the movement have found several examples that corroborate their stand of maintaining a single official language for the country. The numerous political conflicts that Canada has faced over its bilingual official languages status have merely served to show how not to operate in one’s own country, in addition to clearly distinguishing the effect of considering the language issue as irrelevant and trivial. As stated by Ricento, 37, â€Å"the disconcerting strength gathered by separatism in Canada contains a lesson for the United States and its approach to bilingual education. †In trying to placate a larger amount of people by using its dual official language system, Canada has only shown to its more powerful neighbor how it is sometimes in the interest of the minorities to ignore their protests and support the decision of the majority. By catering to the Quebec speaking individuals in their country Canada has given them the right to lose out on greater economic benefits as shown by the research conducted by Li, 135-136: the effect of the use of an official language is signified by the â€Å"†¦$911 [male earnings] above the mean even after controlling for other variables,†and similarly, in the U. S. (Zavodny, 449). Conclusion The English language is the language of the majority as far as the U. S is concerned. There has been a movement towards making it the official language of the country in addition to it being so in over half the States already. However, this movement has subsequently led to the minorities crying foul over the perceived loss of their rights and the perceived inequitable behavior that they expect. The proponents of this movement, on the other hand, cite the greater cause of national unity, as well as that of parsimonious equity to vie with the concern of future lost income of minorities. It is the duty of the Government to now realize the potential benefits that will result in letting Acts based on making English the official Language through Congress. Especially since the greatest objection of minority language rights and perceived subjugation by the majority has been proven to be baseless in light of the Alabama vote. The remaining minorities should seek to overcome their emotional attachment to their original heritage, and understand that this movement will not necessarily threaten their roots; instead, it will result in greater opportunities for them through a more equitable treatment at court and business. Beyond these realizations, the government should initiate a budget towards facilitating the teaching of English to immigrants who cannot afford to learn it through their own devices. This is in light of the view that current instructions for the English language, in the United States, are inadequate to prepare them for their future life in the country (Citrin, 108). With Canada serving as an example of the effects of having more than one official language, the United States can ensure that it does not fall into the same trap by creating the equivalent Spanish-speaking enclaves in their country. Economically, politically, and culturally, having only English as the official language will help deal with a lot of problems along these facets of life that will prove to, over time, strengthen the role of equality in the society – a value that is immensely appreciated in the current era, especially in these neck of the woods. Eventually this movement will succeed, because it not only enjoys widespread support from the majority and a few minorities of the U. S. , but it has also managed to secure enough political support behind it to make it a key bill: one that is presented to the Congress in almost every sitting since the mid-1890’s. Works Cited Adams, K. L. Brink, D. T. Perspectives on Official English: The Campaign for English as the Official Language of the USA. Walter de Gruyter. Fishman, J. A. The Rise and Fall of the Ethnic Revival: Perspectives on Language and Ethnicity. Walter de Gruyter. (1985). Joseph, J. E. Language and Politics. Edinburgh University Press. (2006). Ricento, T. Burnaby, B. Language and Politics in the United States and Canada. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. (1998). Tatalovich, R. Nativism Reborn? : The Official English Language Movement and the American States. University Press of Kentucky. (1995). Citrin, J. â€Å"Language politics and American identity. †Public Interest. (1990): p96-109. Feder, J. â€Å"English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress. †CRS Report for Congress. (January 25, 2007): pp18. Li, P. S. â€Å"The Economics of Minority Language Identity. †Canadian Ethnic Studies. (2001):
Saturday, October 26, 2019
the 5 women :: essays research papers
                                                  Louie, Jason                                                   3/6/04                                                   Chinese 2 5 °      The five women in the family did not get along well together. They were backstabbing each other and no one trusted each other. They fought about position in the family. The woman with a higher number is the lower ranked wife. Everyone wanted to be the higher ranked wife so that they get the best care from the husband and the servants. They had to live in the same home together, which caused many problems. They were not able to live peacefully with one another.      The scariest woman is the Fourth Wife because she was able to kill two people in two days. First, she killed Yan’er by leaving her out in the cold to freeze to death. Second, she tells the secret about Third Wife’s affair. Third Wife gets hanged in the forbidden room with gallows. The reason why Fourth Wife is scary is because she is able to kill people when she gets angry. If you make friends with her and tell her some secrets, she can blackmail you with the information. If you don’t comply with her, she can kill you.      I feel that the women in the movie are living a hard life because they all have to live together without liking each other. Everyone goes behind each other’s backs and betrays each other. If no one tried to compete for position in the family, no one would hate each other. Everyone would get along fine and no one would have to die. For example, Second Wife had two different sides to her. One day, she would be happy for you. The next day, she will treat you very badly. If she doesn’t do this, the family would be in a lot better situation.      The Fourth Wife killed Yan’er for her own benefit. Yan’er was killed because she broke the rules of the home. Although, Fourth Wife didn’t want Yan’er to die, she had to make her sit outside in the cold to protect her reputation.      Fourth Wife also killed Third Wife. However, it was because she was drunk. When she was drunk, she wasn’t able to control herself and put herself together. This was irresponsible of her. Because of her irresponsibility and selfishness, two people had to die.      If I were the Fourth Wife, I would try to find a way to become a better person instead of the selfish and irresponsible person I am.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Othello by Shakespeare Essay
This is the beauty of great works of art in any of its forms; humanity does not change. Throughout time, we still and always will appreciate the things that stir our emotions: love, honour, betrayal, courage, sorrow, death. Are you familiar with Shakespeare’s gripping tale of â€Å"Othello†? If so, here is your opportunity to become re-acquainted with this masterpiece while enjoying exceptional acting, adept cinematography and the absorbing tragic tale true to its origin. If you are unfamiliar with the tale, prepare yourself for many mind-blowing twists and turns at the hands and lips of the master evil conniver, Iago. The Plot†¦ Very Simplified: Othello, a respected Army General, secretly marries Desdemona, much to the envy of his friend, Iago. Iago, motivated by jealousy and complete lack of compassion toward others, has â€Å"hatred & jealousy†to motivate his every move†¦ and evil-doings at the mercy of a brilliant manipulator and ruthless rogue means tremendous trouble and sorrow for all. But I get ahead of myself. To begin, Iago awakens Desdemona’s Father with the news of the clandestine joining: â€Å"A dark ram is topping your white ewe†¦. â€Å"Ah! Shakespeare! Desdemona is a lovely and gentle young woman with more than her share of admirers ~ not only Othello, whom she dearly loves, but Iago, who covets her. Others prove to be the tools that Iago manipulates to bring an end to the newlywed’s happiness. With ploys too intricate and devious for most minds to conceive, and certainly too involved for me to detail here, Iago begins his clever and destructive scheme to undermine the couple’s union. As Iago says, â€Å"There are many events in the womb of time†¦ which will be delivered†. Iago manipulates people and events to cast suspicion on Desdemona and make it appear as though she may be having an affair. He uses her own loving spirit and good nature against her: â€Å"I shall turn her goodness into pitch and out of her own goodness make the net that shall unmesh them all†, confesses Iago to the viewing audience! By inference and the planting of false evidence, Iago successfully raises suspicion of a love triangle to Othello. Othello is successfully becoming undone by seeds of suspicion. The plot thickens. And it weaves and bobs and twists and turns and takes us on a delicious yet unsettling serpentine chase through treachery and trickery. This is Shakespeare, after all – a master storyteller! But †¦. what about the production? Is a modern filming of Shakespeare for everyone’s taste? Clearly, no. The Language True to the Bard’s original, â€Å"Othello’s†dialogue comes from the pages of Shakespeare’s work. And it is difficult†¦ at first. The heightened speech of the day is not we are accustom to: there are no short cuts taken – characters express themselves at great length and with great eloquence and wit. And one cannot deny the beauty of the language – delicate even when being bold; polite, even when being brusque. But don’t be prematurely put off by this. Bear with it a short time and it pays off. If you make it past the first five minutes, you may eventually become comfortable, as the rhythm starts to become internalized and soon begins to sound quite accessible. Despite the initial difficulties in comprehension, I became rapt in the plot and the intense concentration required proved to my benefit , as I became completely involved in the drama. The Acting To compliment the language, the acting proves impeccable and indispensable! The characters lend vibrant facial expressions that betray their motives and emotions. In fact, one can say that in any modern version of Shakespeare, average audiences must rely heavily on other cues – like facial expressions and actions, to bring greater understanding to the rapidly moving dialogue and storyline. This version is a great success! I have never been more impressed with Laurence Fishburne’s acting than in this film. In this challenging production, he demonstrated his considerable skill. But Kenneth Branagh , as Iago, was the real scene stealer! Few can do â€Å"ruthless†like Branagh! And, though the role seemed to require less energy and scope, Irene Jacob was convincingly the sweet and gentle Desdemona. The love between Othello and Desdemona is demonstrated so clearly, so unmistakably, that as a viewer, I was angered by Iago’s attempts to destroy it. A good film makes you care! This is a good film! I cared about Desdemona; I was abhorred at Othello’s stupidity for believing the trap set by Iago. It was horrible to watch the jubilant happiness of the new lovers become undone. The perception of the heartbreak to come was intense. I detested Iago for his ruthlessness and hatefulness! All the emotions audiences felt so long ago – they still exist today. What Else? There a couple of scenes that were unusual – when Iago speaks to the camera – to the audience-and I suppose this might have been originally a soliloquy. But they seem very out of place. All of a sudden I was jolted out of my â€Å"suspension of disbelief†and cosiness of the play, by the intrusion of a personal message from one of the actors! On the other hand, Iago, though a cruel character, is a treat to watch as he spins his webs of deception then glances knowingly at the camera. This is one of Branagh’s most inspired roles! Although it has been many years since I read â€Å"Othello†, the film seems to remain true to its original while benefiting from new technology and artistic perceptions. It is a commendation to William Shakespeare (though he doesn’t need it from me) as well as the Director and actors who moved the production from â€Å"theatre in the round†to â€Å"Castle Rock Productions†. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Use Of Bone Marrow Transplants Health And Social Care Essay
The bone marrow is a sponge-like tissue found in the centre of certain castanetss that contains root cells that are the precursors of ruddy blood cells ( red blood cells ) that carry O to the tissues in the organic structure, white blood cells ( leucocytes ) that aid battle infections and to assistance in the immune system and thrombocytes which help with blood curdling. Each of these cells plays a important function in the organic structure by keeping normal physiological map. The bone marrow is a critical portion of the human organic structure. A bone marrow graft is when particular cells ( called root cells ) that are usually found in the bone marrow are taken out, filtered, and given back either to the same individual or to another individual. It involves pull outing bone marrow incorporating normal root cells or peripheral root cells from a healthy giver, and reassigning it to a receiver whose organic structure can non fabricate proper measures of normal blood cells. Infusion of haematopoietic root cells from oneself or another individual normally follows high dose chemotherapy and/or irradiation. The end of the graft is to reconstruct the receiver ‘s blood cells and immune system and hopefully bring around the implicit in disease In patients with leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, and some immune lack diseases, the root cells in the bone marrow have malfunction, bring forthing an inordinate figure of faulty or immature blood cells as in the instance of leukaemia or low blood cell counts in the instance of aplastic anaemia. The immature or faulty blood cells interfere with the production of normal blood cells, accumulate in the blood stream and may occupy other tissues so bone marrow graft enables the doctors to handle these diseases with aggressive chemotherapy and/or radiation by leting replacing of the morbid or damaged bone marrow after the chemotherapy/radiation intervention. While bone marrow grafts do non supply 100 per centum confidence that the disease will non repeat, a graft can increase the likeliness of a remedy or at least prolong the period of disease-free endurance for many patients. Bone marrow organ transplant is an effectual intervention for a assortment of haematological tumors, furnace lining lymphoma, and some solid tumours. An increasing figure of bone marrow grafts are performed every twelvemonth. The therapy has been used to rectify a assortment of marrow failure provinces, congenital mistakes of metamorphosis, immune lacks, haematological malignances, and even solid tumours. The first successful grafts were performed with root cells derived from the marrow of indistinguishable twins ( syngeneic organ transplant ) ; nevertheless, application of organ transplant therapy broadened with the usage of root cells obtained from either related or unrelated givers ( allogeneic organ transplant ) appropriately matched at the human leucocyte antigens ( HLA ) , or even with a patient ‘s ain root cells ( autologous organ transplant. Deciding on type of BMT depends on type and phase of disease, handiness of root cells, age, public presentation position and the c linical status of patient Bone marrow organ transplant is required in the sense that is to remedies many diseases and malignant neoplastic diseases. When a kid ‘s bone marrow has been damaged or destroyed due to a disease or intense interventions of radiation or chemotherapy for malignant neoplastic disease, a marrow graft may be needed to rectify the abnormalcy. It is besides required to replace morbid, non-functioning bone marrow with healthy working bone marrow ( for conditions such as leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, and reaping hook cell anaemia ) . It is besides indispensable to replace the bone marrow and reconstruct its normal map after high doses of chemotherapy or radiation are given to handle a malignance in a procedure called â€Å" deliverance †which is usually used for diseases such as lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and chest malignant neoplastic disease. The procedure is besides of import in the replacing of bone marrow with genetically healthy working bone marrow to forestall farther harm from a familial disease procedure. Literature reappraisal Bone marrow organ transplant ( BMT ) or haematopoietic root cell organ transplant ( HSCT ) is a medical process in the field of haematology and oncology that involves organ transplant of haematopoietic root cells ( HSC ) .It is most frequently performed for people with diseases of the blood or bone marrow, or certain types of malignant neoplastic disease. Transplant of either allogenic or autologous bone marrow has become an progressively applied and successful therapy for patients with haematological malignances and certain solid tumours. BMT is an illustration of a extremely proficient therapy that offers hope to patients with bone marrow failure or assorted malignances. Bone marrow organ transplant is much more dearly-won â€Å" up-front †but possibly non more dearly-won long-run than alternate therapies. Over the past 40 old ages, bone marrow organ transplant and haematopoietic root cell organ transplant have been used with increasing frequence to handle legion malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Post-World War II â€Å" Cold War †frights of atomic warfare stimulated involvement in the effects of radiation on the human organic structure. Early surveies with animate beings has shown that bone marrow was the organ most sensitive to the detrimental effects of radiation and for that ground the reinfusion of marrow cells was used to deliver lethally irradiated animate beings. In one survey done in 1950s, patients were given deadly doses of radiation to handle leukaemia and many had haematological recovery following this intervention, but finally all patients succumbed to get worse of their malignances or to infections. In the 1950s and 1960s, about 200 allogeneic marrow grafts were performed in worlds, with no long-run successes. However, during this clip, organ transplant utiliz ing indistinguishable twin givers has brought a just sum of success and provided a important foundation to go on clinical research in the field. Hematopoietic root cell organ transplant remains a hazardous process with many possible complications ; it has traditionally been reserved for patients with dangerous diseases. While on occasion used by experimentation in nonmalignant and nonhematologic indicants such as terrible disenabling auto-immune disease and cardiovascular, the hazard of fatal complications appears excessively high to derive wider credence. Although economic analyses appear comparatively simple, reading and usage can be debatable. Several economic analyses have identified complications that occur often and impact the reported cost-effectiveness of high-dose chemotherapy. Attempts to cut down the cost of bone marrow organ transplant have focused on new schemes to more efficaciously command these complications. The debut of new engineerings to rush engraftment, to better patient choice methods, and the shifting of attention to outpatient scenes all have resulted in important decreases in continuance of infirmary stay, treatment-related mortality, and costs. More surveies of long-run results are needed for graft and non graft intervention options to steer present and future applications of this intervention option. Expanded indicants for graft continue to be explored. Preliminary information suggest a possible function for graft in the intervention of autoimmune diseases such as lupus, multiple induration, systemic induration, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In add-on, in utero graft holds promise for early rectification of familial disease, with some success already demonstrated with the immunodeficiency syndromes. The accent of current research is chiefly directed at diminishing toxicity and GVHD while increasing the pool of possible givers by developing techniques to traverse the traditional HLA histocompatability barriers more successfully. Grafts are performed with increasing grades of mismatch. With the promotions in techniques, indicants, and supportive therapy, the graft of haematopoietic root cells continues to be an forward field in the intervention of human disease. Once a disease procedure has been identified and graft is considered as a possible therapy, an appropriate giver must be identified. The best possible lucifer consequences in the least complications. For allogeneic grafts, HLA histocompatability typewriting is performed for immediate household members ab initio utilizing serologic typewriting. Fully matched household members provide the most compatible lucifers because they frequently portion minor HLA antigens non normally included in proving. Before undergoing BMT, patients should undergo a series of trials and processs for testing and readying based on the patient ‘s disease procedure and medical history. There is besides pre-transplant instruction where graft squad and the patient meet to discourse the consequences of the testing, intervention options and the intervention program. Transplant conditioning is the done with the chief purpose of destructing unnatural cells or malignant neoplastic disease cells throughout the pa tient ‘s organic structure utilizing conditioning regimen which consist of chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both. The crop processs for autologous or allogeneic BMT are similar and are depended on the undermentioned factors: The patient ‘s physical status, donor handiness and insurance blessing. The BMT process involves three stages. In the first stage, enduring 5 to 14 yearss, the bone marrow receiver is prepared for the transplant and immunosuppressive and cytotoxic chemotherapy are administered and irradiation is used to enable the receiver to accept the transplant, to forestall transplant rejection, and in instances of acute leukaemia to extinguish residuary leukaemia. In the 2nd stage, bone marrow is from the giver is intravenously administered to the transplant receiver. Donors and receivers of bone marrow grafts must hold HLA compatability. The 3rd stage involves a period of waiting for the bone marrow to ingraft and work usually in the receiver. During the clip required for engraftment, the transplant receiver is vulnerable to infection, hemorrhage, terrible weight loss, rejection of the transplant, and graft-versus-host disease ( GvHD ) . Some of the posttransplant intervention typically includes cyclosporin A and perchance other chemotherapies to either prevent or dainty transplant versus-host disease ( GVHD ) . The results of the therapy depend on many factors such as: Improvements in supportive attention, antibiotic regimens, and DNA-HLA is associated with favourable result. The patient ‘s province of wellness or stable disease or disease in remittal is associated with better results than those transplanted during a ulterior disease stage or with relapsed disease. Young age at clip of graft and besides CMV-negative position of receiver and giver enhance the likeliness of endurance. The sum of haematopoietic cell dose given at clip of graft may besides rush engraftment and better result though it has an increased hazard of GVHD. Bone marrow organ transplant is one of legion new medical engineerings that have raised complex legal and ethical issues. Laws refering to medical progresss have been passed in response to the demand to decide struggles in judicial sentiments instead than expectancy of those issues which impinge on single autonomies. Some of the legal and ethical issues are malpractice claims, proving prospective givers for AIDS, sale of bone marrow, informed consent for both giver and receiver, and inquiries that arise when the giver is a kid. Pre-counseling is done to the patient prior to any intercession since information helps the patients in the undermentioned ways: To build positive attitudes in relation to the disease, enables a better response to the state of affairs, facilitates patient ‘s effectual engagement in the determination devising procedure and future programs and besides plays a important or cardinal function in wellness. Furthermore, the patients have a legal right to be inf ormed about their disease. Decision: The bone marrow is a critical portion of the human organic structure. Bone marrow organ transplant is an effectual intervention for a assortment of haematological tumors, furnace lining lymphoma, and some solid tumours. The most of import cell needed for successful organ transplant is the haematopoietic root cell whose major beginnings are bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. These can be obtained from assorted givers as either autologous or allogeneic. Deciding on type of BMT depends on type and phase of disease, handiness of root cells, age, public presentation position and the clinical status of patient. The procedure is besides of import in the replacing of bone marrow with genetically healthy working bone marrow to forestall farther harm from a familial disease process.. BMT is an illustration of a extremely proficient therapy that offers hope to patients with bone marrow failure or assorted malignances. Bone marrow organ transplant is much more dearly-won â€Å" up-f ront †but possibly non more dearly-won long-run than alternate therapies. Hematopoietic root cell organ transplant remains a hazardous process with many possible complications ; it has traditionally been reserved for patients with dangerous diseases. The accent of current research is chiefly directed at diminishing toxicity and GVHD while increasing the pool of possible givers by developing techniques to traverse the traditional HLA histocompatability barriers more successfully. With the promotions in techniques, indicants, and supportive therapy, the graft of haematopoietic root cells continues to be an forward field in the intervention of human disease. With the promotions in techniques, indicants, and supportive therapy, the graft of haematopoietic root cells continues to be an forward field in the intervention of human disease. Mentions Frick, E. , Motzke, C. , Fischer, N. , Busch, R. , & A ; Bumeder, I. ( 2005 ) . Is perceived societal support a forecaster of endurance for patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood root cell organ transplant? Psycho-Oncology, 14, 759-770. Holland, J. & A ; Alici, Y. ( 2010 ) . Management of hurt in malignant neoplastic disease patients. Journal of Supportive Oncology, 8 ( 1 ) , 4-12. Jacobsen, P. ( 2009 ) . Promoting evidence-based psychosocial attention for malignant neoplastic disease patients. Psychooncology, 18, 6-13. Jacobsen, P. & A ; Jim, H. ( 2008 ) . Psychosocial intercessions for anxiousness and depression in grownup malignant neoplastic disease patients: accomplishments and challenges. A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 58, 214-230.A NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncologya„? Distress Management ( Version 1.2010 ) . A © 2009 National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. Available at: NCCN.org. Accessed [ Febuary 3, 2010 ] . Ranson, S. , Jacobsen, P. , & A ; Booth-Jones, M. ( 2006 ) . Validation of the hurt thermometer with bone marrow graft patients. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 604-612. Wells, K. , Booth-Jones, M. , & A ; Jacobsen, P. ( 2009 ) . Do get bying and societal support predict depression and anxiousness in patients undergoing hematopoitic root cell organ transplant? Jouranl of Psychosocial Oncology, 27, 297- 315. Williams, S. & A ; Dale, J. ( 2006 ) . The effectivity of intervention for depression/depressive symptoms in grownups with malignant neoplastic disease: a systematic reappraisal. British Journal of Cancer, 94, 372-390.A The usage of allogeneic haematopoietic cell organ transplant ( HCT ) has increased as new techniques have been developed for organ transplant in patients who antecedently would non hold been considered HCT campaigners. However, its efficaciousness continued to be limited by the development of frequent and terrible ague GVHD. The complex and intricate pathophysiology of acute GVHD is a effect of interactions between the giver and host innate and adaptative immune responses. Multiple inflammatory molecules and cell types are implicated in the development of GVHD that can be categorized as: ( 1 ) triggers that initiate GVHD by therapy-induced tissue harm and the antigen disparities between host and transplant tissue ; ( 2 ) detectors that detect the triggers, that is, procedure and present alloantigens ; ( 3 ) go-betweens such as T-cell subsets ( naif, memory, regulative, Th17 and natural slayer T cells ) and ( 4 ) the effecters and amplifiers that cause harm of the mark variety meats. These multiple inflammatory molecules and cell types that are implicated in the development of GVHD have been described with theoretical accounts that use bit-by-bit Cascadess. Herein, we provide a fresh position on the immunobiology of acute GVHD and briefly discuss some of the outstanding inquiries and restrictions of the theoretical account systems. Bone Marrow Transplantation ( 2010 ) 45, 1-11 ; doi:10.1038/bmt.2009.328 ; published online 30November 2009 Fifty old ages ago, Billingham1 identified three requirements for the development of GVHD: ( 1 ) the presence ofimmunocompetent cells in the giver inoculant, ( 2 ) the inability of the receiver to reject the giver cells and ( 3 ) a histocompatibility difference between the giver and receiver. Billingham RE. The biological science of graft-versus-host reactions. Harvey Lect 1966-67 ; 62: 21-78. Some future research waies 1. Impact of type of harm ( programmed cell death V mortification of different cellular subsets ) , specific DAMPs, unfertile redness and complement system. 2. Contribution of host intestine microbiome and the giver immune position. 3. Determine GVHD antigenic repertory, place immunodominant antigens. 4. Understand the function of both professional ( DCs, macrophages ) and semi-professional ( B cells ) giver and host APC subsets, the relevancy and mechanisms of cross-presentation. 5. The mechanisms and function of donor Th distinction, regulative, memory T cell, and NK cell subsets. 6. Functions of specific effecter tracts in doing distinguishable mark organ harm. 7. Determinants of mark organ specificity, the function of mechanisms of fix and neovascularization in the badness of harm. 8. Mechanisms and effect of immunosuppression induced straight by GVHD. 9. Development of an incorporate systems attack for understanding the biological science of GVHD. Biology of ague GVHD S Paczesny et Al 7 BonePatient Education /Curative patient instruction ( TPE )a continous procedure integrated in wellness attention aˆ? patient centred aˆ? adapted to the development of unwellness and patientA?s life-stile aˆ? portion of the long-run direction of unwellness aˆ? structured and organized aˆ? benefited by appropriate pedagogic means* aˆ? multiprofessional, interdisciplinary and intersectonial. *I. Rabbone, 2007 The function of the patient is cardinal in taking attention of himself in order to lend to his conditions and be responsible of his status, and to be a squad resource â€Å" without costs †( Rabbone I. , 2009 ) . **J. Philips, 1998 Patients have a legal right to be informed about their disease butaˆÂ ¦they assume it is non ever respected ( Visser et al. , 2009 ) . Information is a demand of patients as it allows them: – to build positive attitudes in relation to the disease, – a better response to the state of affairs and – an effectual engagement in the decission doing procedure and hereafter programs aˆ? Information besides has a cardinal function in wellness instruction plans Patient need information about: – Disease – Treatment options – Treatments results – Symptoms – Side effects – Quality of life aˆ? Information should be delivered in an synergistic manner aˆ? Information/education is necessary in all stages of the graft S Setting. Pick a private location. P Perception. Find out how the patient positions the medical state of affairs. I Invitation. Ask whether the patient wants to cognize. K Knowledge. Warn before dropping intelligence. E Empathy. Respond to the patient ‘s emotions. S Strategy/Summary. Once they know, include patients in intervention determinations * W. Baile et Al. â€Å" Out of 5 patients, merely 1 to 2 follow the instructions given by physycians. The others follow a â€Å" ain version †of the therapy and hold their thoughts sing their disease. They will ne'er squeal them. They are incorrect, but who is guilty? †J. P. Assal ( 1999 ) Literature McPherson CJ, et Al. Effective methods of giving information in malignant neoplastic disease: a systematic literature reappraisal of randomized controlled tests. J Public wellness Medecine 2001 ; 23 ( 3 ) : 227-234 aˆ? Thomas R, et Al. Anxiety and depression: consequence on patients ‘ penchants for information following a diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease. Annalss of Oncology 1998 ; 9: 141 aˆ? Lobb EA, et Al. When the safety cyberspace of intervention has been removed: Patients ‘ unmet demands at the completion of intervention for hematologic malignances. Patient Educ Couns ( 2009 ) ; Department of the Interior: 10.1016/j.pec. 2009.02.005 aˆ? Mank A, et Al. An synergistic Compact disc read-only memory to inform patients about Stem Cell Transplant. Patient Educ Couns 2008 ; 73: 121-126 aˆ? Downs S. Ethical issues in bone marrow organ transplant. Semin Oncol Nurs 1994 ; 10: 58-63 aˆ? Lee SJ, et Al. Discrepancies between patient and physician estimations for the success of root cell organ transplant. J Am Med Assoc 2001 ; 285: 1034-8 aˆ? Andrykowski MA, et Al. â€Å" Returning to normal †following bone marrow organ transplant: results, outlooks, and informed consent. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995 ; 15: 573-81 A elaborate appraisal of BMT receiver ‘s emotional, societal, and psychological wellbeing before BMT is necessary to supply optimum, holistic attention. Distress and depression should be recognized, monitored, documented and treated quickly during the BMT intervention. BMT patients need to be screened at their pre-transplant assignment, at appropriate intervals, and as clinically indicated during the BMT procedure. Distress and depression should be recognized, monitored, documented and treated quickly during the BMT procedure to guarantee positive patient results.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Role of International Financial Institutions in 2008 Financial Crisis
Role of International Financial Institutions in 2008 Financial Crisis Introduction Late towards 2007, the earliest effects of 2008 financial meltdown were already being felt at some sectors of economy in several countries, notably in Europe and America. The financial crisis that would later become apparent throughout the year 2008 did not only catch the world unaware but would later turn out to be the worst in recent times.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of International Financial Institutions in 2008 Financial Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The 2008 credit crunch did not only result to worldwide financial crisis but also caused slowed economic growth of the world’s largest and leading economy that eventually triggered the global recession that started as early as 2006 (Hines, 2008). In fact, the global credit crisis that is just ebbing away has its roots in United States banking system and more specifically as a result of lending towards mortgage housing and cred it lending in general as we shall get to see in the following chapters. In 2005 the United States housing industry flourished and reached its peak in terms of value and business bustle, by then the banking industry had aligned their lending funds towards this end as a result of the positive and sustained growth in the housing industry. This is the point from which we shall trace the major root causes of the 2008 financial crisis; this paper intends to show that the current regulatory standards instituted by various financial institutions internationally largely contributed to the 2008 financial crisis. Even more disappointing is the fact that the financial regulatory standards that were in place were unable to anticipate and therefore avert the ramifications of the financial crisis before it happened as should have been the case. Background to the Financial Crisis In order to understand how the financial crisis came about it is important to review the factors that culminated to the widespread credit crunch that finally caused the 2008 financial crisis. By reviewing these factors it will be possible to identify specific financial regulatory standards that can be directly attributed to the crisis.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More But first let us briefly define what the term financial crisis implies in this context, which incidentally is our first indication that the recent financial crisis was largely a function of the failings of the international financial institutions policies. Credit crisis is a term that has been coined to describe the situation whereby accessibility of loans or credit finance becomes limited due to their unavailability. It is a trend that results to financial institutions reducing the amount of loans that they can disburse to clients irrespective of increased interest rates that they can charge on such loans (Pattanaik, 2 009). In these circumstances, prerequisite conditions that are necessary before the loan can be disbursed are therefore reviewed and made stricter in order to limit the amount of credit finances that can be disbursed (Graham, 2008). Credit crisis is said to occur when the relationship between interest rates and credit loans being disbursed are heavily skewed, or when there is a general reduction of loans available in spite of increased demands (Pattanaik, 2009). Ideally the relationship between interest rates and availability of financial credit is such that increased interest rate in the market means that financial institutions are willing to increase lending in order to increase profits. Thus, because financial institutions are regulated by internationally accepted financial standards, their failure is therefore a reflection of these international financial regulatory standards. In a journal article by Acharya et al that sought to investigate the causes of 2008 financial crisis, i t directly attributed the crisis to have been triggered by the housing market collapse which occurred as early as 2006 (Acharya, Philippon, Richardson and Roubini, 2009). It is during this period that two prominent financial players in the housing market collapsed; the Ownit Mortgage Solutions Company and New Century Financial in what should have signaled to the policymakers that housing market was crumbling (Acharya et al, 2008). But instead no body realized this and the financial situation continued to aggravate further.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of International Financial Institutions in 2008 Financial Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By the time in what is now referred as housing bubble busted most banking institutions have invested significant amounts in the housing industry that had accumulated over time in a sort of loose credit lending. The aftermath was increased mortgage payment defaults and foreclosures on existing loan repayment that was taking place on large scale. The steps that led to increased forfeiture of loans by lenders can be analyzed in the following steps. The first step was the induced easy loan terms and reduced interest rates by the banks tailored for housing finance (Hines, 2008). These incentives nudged borrowers to take up substantial mortgages with prospects of future renegotiation on mortgage terms and rate with hope of easier rates. In addition due to growth boom in the housing industry borrowers easily took up mortgage loans as an investment option with intention of selling the properties at higher values at a later time and this kept on happening (Hyoung-kyu, 2007). As we shall later discuss in this paper, this should not have happened with strong financial regulatory standards in place. Underlying all this was the fact that more housing constructions were taking place as investments funds that financed housing sector flowed from every other sector of the economy. By the time the housing bubble eventually busted many players had invested substantial amount of money in the industry that could not be written off easily without encountering huge losses that would lead to bankruptcy. This is because the housing value plummeted at a rate that had not been foreseen. The bank reacted immediately by increasing mortgage interest rates and phasing of earlier easy mortgage packages, additional lending on mortgage was tightened and all forms of lending in general almost halted (Acharya et al, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The borrowers on the other end moved to dispose-off housing properties and salvage finances that could still be obtained from the mortgages, thereby triggering drop in house values. In the resulting scenario many borrowers choose to forfeit their mortgage to the banks rather than sell the houses in a collapsed market since it would have eventually cost them additional funds to settle the difference (Hines, 2008). The other option of financing the full cost of the mortgage was now complicated by increased interest rates, and so now the credit crunch nightmare had began. In fact, housing industry is not the only sector that hoodwinked consumers to apply for large chunks of loans; it was the same case in automobile industry and in credit cards. Increased availability of liquid cash from foreign reserves had prompted the financial sector to invent financial packages such as Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and others like Collateralized-Debt Obligations (CDO) (Rose and Spiegel, 2010). B oth of these are forms of funds that allowed investors to finance the housing industry and gain financial returns through banking institutions. The consequences of housing industry collapse was therefore greatly felt by the banking institutions that had advanced loans in all the three sectors that were hardest hit, these sectors were the first to announce financial losses (Rose and Spiegel, 2010). It is from such financial reckless practices as this that exposed further the financial institutions to the shocks of financial crises similar to the one experienced at the time. Thus even at this point we get to see how lack of financial regulatory oversight failed and thereby directly contributed to the financial crisis itself, which is a factor that would become even more apparent as we discuss the major factors that caused the financial crisis itself. Major Factors Attributed to Financial Crisis To understand how the international financial regulation policies might have contributed to the financial crisis, let us discuss the major factors that significantly contributed to the financial crisis and investigate the failure of financial regulatory oversight for each of them. Credit crisis is a phenomenon that can be triggered by any of the various factors in the financial sector or combination of several such factors. There are mainly five reasons that directly affect financial institutions loans and which in extension can trigger a credit crisis assuming they happen all at once. One of the reasons is anticipated fall in value of collateral assets that are used by creditors to obtain loans from banks (Graham, 2008). In this case the financial institutions become reluctant and unwilling to give out loans that are secured by such assets where all indications points to their market values plummeting. Other reasons could be sudden exogenous adjustment in regulation by central bank that touches on lending requirements by banks or which elevates reserve requirements (Grah am, 2008). In both these two circumstances, Basel I and Basel II guidelines have been specifically developed to address this challenges by setting levels at which financial institutions should maintain their Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and Capital to Risk Assets Ratio (CRAR) (Claessens, 2008). Capital Adequacy is a financial term that is used to define the regulatory guidelines that requires financial institutions such as banks to reserve certain percentage of their Primary Capital Base that is consistent with the institutions lending (Basel.org, 2000). A bank must ensure that its capital base assets are at a minimum of 8 percent of its assets; the rule of thumb that applies is lending of $12 for each single dollar of the bank’s capital (Scott, 2005). The purpose of calculating capital adequacy is to ensure that a bank is not exposed to financial risks that are caused by the lending policy of the institution. These regulations were developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision which redefined the international Capital Adequacy standards on 2004 that are now used to regulate financial institutions all over the world (Rasmusen, 1988). As we can therefore infer from the happenings of the 2008 financial crisis, most banks were not adhering to these standards as set out by Basel II guidelines. The central bank might also trigger credit crunch through regulations that intend to tightly control financial institutions lending. In such instances the banks usually respond by enacting measures that prevent their loss or transfer their operating risks to the creditors usually through increased interest rates of loans or reduction in lending. However these factors alone cannot by their own trigger credit crunch, more often credit crisis is caused by an array of factors that combine together over a long duration of time. The hallmarks of a credit crunch usually include extensive sustained losses by lenders caused by sloppy and hasty lending policies over g iven period of time as was the case in 2008. Sometimes it is due to plummeting of collateral assets that were used to secure loans which substantially lose value overnight as it also happened to the United States housing industry. When this happens the bank sustains huge losses caused by loss in value of the assets. The implications that follow are two parts: the bank has no adequate loan reserve that they can continue to disburse to future consumers, and two despite the availability of loans the banks becomes timid and cautious towards future lending (Hyoung-kyu, 2007). The next phase of credit crisis is limited lending and inaccessibility of the loans by consumers and lack of funds in general that virtually affect every other sector of the economy triggering what is then referred as economic recession (Hines, 2008). This therefore are the major factors that are likely to cause a financial crisis, some of which as we have seen were attributed to the 2008 financial crisis. However t he effect of a credit crisis last for sometime only depending on the extent of loans that were disbursed by the banking industry, and the extent in which the losses can be absorbed assuming the banks affected were not much. In the following section we are going to analyzed in detail the specific financial regulatory policies that were flaunted by the financial institutions culminating to the 2008 financial crisis. Failure of Financial Regulatory Standards The Bank of International Settlements (BIS) is an international financial institution body based in Switzerland that serves two important functions; develops and promotes financial policies and provides banking services. IMF on the other hand has the mandate to regulate global financial systems notably in two major areas that include balance of payments and stabilizing exchange rates. For this reasons BIS is better placed to influence the outcome of financial crisis since it is the institution that is mandated with the responsibili ty of developing various monetary policies. In fact BIS has very specific mandate to set and regulate one of the policies that is at the centre of the financial crisis i.e. CAR as we have so discussed. As a result it is the major sponsor of both Basel I and Base II financial regulations which are crucial in regulating safe lending as we shall get to see shortly The shortcomings of Basel financial frameworks have been apparent for as long as the first guidelines were instituted. Despite the many advantages that Basel guidelines were promoting, they also had inherent advantages. When Basel I accord was implemented its focus was on setting the minimum possible capital levels for financial institutions and also ensuring that banks embraced low value assets as collateral. The flip side of this rationale was an increased risk to financial institutions brought about by incomplete analysis of the dynamic market parameters. As a result numerous changes were required to be made on basel I fra meworks which culminated with development of basel II accord. One such amendment was in 1996 for market risk that saw the CAR expanded to incorporate the risks associated with other financial market force. However even then Basel I accord had still other inherent limitations (Basel 2000). The Capital Adequacy calculation for instance did not provide an accurate and reliable financial guideline for determination of CAR (Basel 2000). Another disadvantage under Basel I accord was the tendency of the banks to undertake regulatory capital arbitrage which enabled them to manipulate their core capitals in order to reflect favorable capital assets that made them compliant, lastly the accord did not offer ideal risk mitigations approaches to banks (Basel 2000). Hence Basel II was born in 2004 to address these shortcomings and incorporate other challenges that banks were facing in the financial sector. Throughout this period we can see how the BIS sponsored financial policies was wrecking hav oc and promoting a culture of dubious financial dealings that financial institutions kept even after these guidelines were overhauled. The new Capital Adequacy calculation is guided by three core principles that are referred as pillars: market discipline, operational capital requirement, and supervisory review (Basel 2000). Pillar number one pertains to regulatory capital of three critical risks that a bank encounters during it routine financial operations: market risk, credit risk and operational risk. For each of this risk the accord provides various calculation techniques that set the desired level of accuracy such as standardized approach, foundation Internal Rating-Based (IRB) approach and advanced IRB for calculating credit risk (Basel 2000). The underlying working definition of capital categorizes banks equity into two groups: tier I capital and tier II capital. Tier I Capital is defined as the actual equity inclusive of retained earnings while Tier II Capital is the subordin ated debt in addition to the preferred shares (Basel 2000). Tier I capital are financial institutions assets that can absorb financial losses of a bank during trading without necessitating the bank to enter into bankruptcy. Tier II capital are the other type of assets that are reserved primarily to absorb losses of large magnitude during the event of bankruptcy. It is this categorization of financial institutions capital that has provided a loophole for banks to circumvent and thereby lend more than they should ideally be allowed through invention of concepts such as financialization. For instance capital adequacy ratio is calculated by dividing the bank primary capital by the sum of the bank’s assets (Basel 2006). The core capital is a sum of both Tier I and II capital while assets in this case refers to the weighted assets or the minimum requirements as set by the banking regulator, such a ratio should not exceed the Basel accord threshold level that is set equal to or less than 8%. The CAR is further adjusted to calculate the three other subcomponents of the capital adequacy namely: standardized approach, basic indicator approach and advanced measurement approach that offer varying degree of accuracy (Basel 2006). For this purpose the approach used in calculating risk weighting requires the bank to categorize the nature of the assets into two: fund based assets and non-funded assets (Basel 2006). Fund based assets usually include bank investments, loans and liquid cash at its disposal, while non-funded assets include items in the Off-Balance sheet that are first taken through a series of conversions in order to ascertain their true value. Despite these elaborate calculations it is still possible for a bank to obtain a positive ratio if factors that affect market risk are not considered. What we know for a fact is that somehow just before the 2008 financial crisis; most financial institutions have been flaunting or circumventing basel II accords en ma sse up to the time of the crisis. One of the recent advanced theories in economic studies that attempts to explain the cause of the 2008 financial crisis has been advanced by Foster and Magdoff. Foster and Magdoff theory attributes the 2008 financial crisis to the broader factors of monopoly finance capitalism which is a function of a phenomenon that they refer as stagnation that is characteristic of all mature capitalist systems (Foster and Magdoff, 2008). Foster and Magdoff describe mature capitalist system as â€Å"stagnant†because of its monopolistic nature that is caused by few corporations that dominates and control most of the available capital flow (Fostor and Magdoff, 2008). When this happens as it has been taking place since the 1980s less capital becomes available for investment in economic sectors that are most in need while the real capital becomes restricted and unavailable, this outcome is what Foster and Magdoff also attributed to the occurrence of financiali zation. The implication of this unbalanced excessive capital availability in particular sectors only creates demands for investment opportunities that offer high returns and this is where the evils of monopoly-finance capital begin. Hence, from a more general perspective based on Foster and Magdoff theory monopolistic finance capitalism which are a function of international financial policies are to blame for the 2008 financial crisis. More specifically let us see how financial policies notably in United States which was the epicenter of the financial crisis systematically led to the 2008 credit crunch. One was the housing market boom and bubble that was characterized by low mortgage interest rates, increased availability of funds that pooled borrowers to taking unnecessary and inflated mortgages (Gjerstad and Vernon, 2009). Borrowers and investors in the process saved less and substantial funds were channeled to this sector, by the time the housing market was collapsing more than $ 10 trillion dollars was approximately held in the industry. The upshot was more than 50% of home owners that had negative equity or houses that just equaled their mortgage values which could not be sold due to house surplus in the market and cheap going prices (Gjerstad and Vernon, 2009). This was a major lax of the various financial oversight bodies that had the mandate to foresee and prevent such a ballooning financial effect that was taking place in the housing sector all this time. It is for this reason that the 2008 European head of States seminar resolved to have â€Å"An early warning system must be established to identify upstream increases in risks†(Rose and Spiegel, 2010). Perhaps one of the most blatant disregard to financial policies that took place at this time was by the financial institutions in their rush to make a killing from the booming housing market. In fact the financial institutions are to blame for the amount of mortgages that borrowers had obtained t hat were purely for speculative purposes and therefore for investment only, which is not actually a bad thing unless there are no policies to regulate such a widespread speculative investment. By 2006 the number of mortgage and houses that had been secured as investment options were approximately 40% of all the total houses in the market (Gjerstad and Vernon, 2009). This was the main factor that greatly contributed to the housing surplus that made their price falls. Another cause was the securitization, a term that is used to describe a practice where bank can transfer the value of the mortgage to their investors and therefore continue to obtain further funds for lending to borrowers (Gjerstad and Vernon, 2009). Ideally banks are supposed to hold on the mortgage as security until they are paid in full or forfeited; these way additional funds cannot be secured until such time when any of the two outcomes occur. But of course the banks in their rush to lend and make profit out of the interest disregarded this policy. So as it turned out securitization system allowed banks to continue pumping funds to an already saturated sector while hoodwinking investors to believe housing industry to be thriving by transferring mortgage agreements to them. In the process the banks were able to ease the lending terms and lower rates due to availability of funds in a bid to disperse as much funds as possible and therefore make profits. In fact, lending conditions to borrowers were even questionable verging on illegal practices, figures released by Federal Reserve indicates that 47% of borrowers did not make any down payment of the mortgages as required by law (Gjerstad and Vernon, 2009). Over time borrowers were not required to provide evidence of income nor employment as is usually the tradition, instead banks focus was on credit score which depended mainly on the amount that a borrower had in the bank beside other factors. The problem was that the system used to calculate cred it ratings was flawed in the first place and ended up misguiding investors on the value of borrower assets. Currently, the inflated credit ratings that were given to Mortgage-Based Securities (MBS) by credit rating agencies are now under investigations since their high ratings allowed transfer of MBS to investors who later ended up holding less valuable MBS than they initially paid for them (Gjerstad and Vernon, 2009). The government too was to blame for some of its policies which were clearly self defeating; this was because of the government policy that had been put in place mortgage policies which had the vision of promoting home ownership among Americans across the boards through legislations such as Alternative Mortgage Transaction Parity Act (Hines 2008). As far as 1995 the government had started issuing tax rebate to all persons with mortgage. This and other government policies that also failed to control use of adjustable-rate mortgages which do not favor borrower in the lon g run resulted in fueling a housing boom that was already getting out of control under the very noses of financial policy makers. Thus, as we can see the inability of the government to intervene and enforce existing financial regulatory standards during the whole process also contributed to the financial crisis. While the US was dishing out numerous and unsecured mortgage loans to its citizens, Britain was also experiencing increased lending of loans to finance home but not at the unprecedented rates as witnessed in United States. For the rest of the world the global recession was hardly caused by mortgages but by collapse of industries that relied on investor funds that had now been retracted by timid investors and by international companies that were affiliated to US companies that had collapsed in the process (Saltmarsh, 2008). For many businesses the problem was the lack of funds to sustain daily business operations due to the credit crunch emanating from United States. Most thi rd world countries financial institutions are tied up with foreign international financial firms though they always function independently. These local financial institutions therefore adopted strict loan disbursement policies in the wake of the subprime crisis. Without access to regular funds that medium and small businesses have always relied on, most of the businesses had to close down thereby causing unemployment. As a result the most affected businesses in developing countries were the ones exporting goods to developed countries in America and Europe. Most of the businesses exporting commodities were the agriculture sectors, mining, and oil industry. Countries that predominantly relied on agriculture earnings through exports were required to export less due to fall in demand or suspended their exports all together. In the tourism sector the trend was the same with less people unwilling to spend in holidays. Overall the foreign reserves of many countries which are almost always in form of dollar shrunk affecting virtually every other sector of the economy (Saltmarsh 2008). The result was world economies hampered by lack of products market and liquidity funds to sustain growth. As the financial crisis reached its peak in 2009 many countries sprung to action with measures to halt and reverse the economic recession phenomenon by injecting billions of funds. The United Stated was the first to undertake an assortment of measures contained in the economic stimulus package that was signed into law by President Obama (Grabel and Weaver, 2009). The stimulus plan included $787 billion that aimed at reinstating and creating more jobs that were lost during the recession in addition to stimulating the economic activity and consumers spending (Grabel and Weaver 2009). But without restructuring the financial policies that originally contributed to the 2008 financial crisis, the world economies has been recovering at a slower rate than should have been the case. Conclusio n As one gets to analyze the facts that caused the financial crisis the extent of the housing market speculation is notable and significant whereby all the actors in the economy from consumers to bankers continued to pump more funds in housing industry as investment options. For this to have happened the weakness is seen to have been the breakdown of the international financial regulatory policies as we have so far discussed. Indeed, the failure of the international regulatory institutions to intervene and provide an oversight mandate is seen to be the critical factor that led to the occurrence of the financial crisis. At present policy makers continue to investigate and implement measures in order to avert a similar financial crisis from occurring in future and ensure it does not occur unnoticed as it happened in 2008. Meanwhile world governments remain apprehensive as the last impacts of global recession continues to recede without clear indications of what exactly needs to be don e in order to insulate economies from what appears to be the failings of international institutions of financial regulations. References Acharya, V., Philippon,T., Richardson, M Roubini, N. (2009). The Financial Crisis of 2007-2009: Causes and Remedies. Financial Markets, Institutions Instruments, 18(2): 89-137. Basel.org, (2000). A New Capital Adequacy Framework. Consultative Paper Issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Web. Claessens, S. (2008). The Political Economy of Basle II: The Costs for Poor Countries. The World Economy, 31(3): 313-344. Claessens, S. Dell’Ariccia, G. (2010). Cross-country experiences and policy implications from the global financial crisis. Economic Policy, 25(62): 267-293. Foster, J. Magdoff, F. (2008). The Great Financial Crisis: Causes and Consequences. New York: Monthly Review Press. Graham, T. (2008). The Credit Crunch: Housing Bubbles, Globalisation and the Worldwide Economic Crisis. London, UK: Pluto Press. Gabor, D. (2010). The International Monetary Fund and its New Economics. Development and Change, 41(5): 805-830. Gjerstad, S. Vernon, S. (2009). From Bubble to Depression? Why the Housing Bubble Crashed the Financial System but the Dot-com Bubble Did Not. Wall Street Journal, 15 (9): 165-172. Grabel, Michael., and Weaver Christopher 2009. The Stimulus Plan: A detailed List of Spending. Web. Hyoung-kyu, C. (2007). Do markets enhance convergence on international standards? The case of financial regulation. Regulation and Governance, 1(4): 295-311. Hines, P. (2008). From Crunch to Squeeze: Global Impact of the Credit Crisis on Commercial and Small Business Lending. Web. Pattanaik, S. (2009). The Global Financial Stability Architecture Fails Again: sub-prime crisis lessons for policymakers. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 23(1): 21-47. Rose, A. Spiegel, M. (2010). Cross-country Causes and Consequences of the 2008 Crisis: International Linkages and American Exposure. Pacific Economic Review, 15(3): 340-363. Rasmusen, E., (1988). Mutual Banks and Stock Banks. Journal of Law and Economics, 31(2): 188-199. Saltmarsh, M. (2008). Impact of Global Credit Crunch Expands in Europe. Web. Scott, H., (2005). Capital Adequacy beyond Basel: Banking, Securities and Insurance. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Pornagraphy essays
Pornagraphy essays The Sale and Consumption of Pornography Is the Sale and consumption of pornography morally permissible? I argue that the sale and consumption of pornography is not morally permissible because of its distressing effects. Pornography is an $8 billion per year industry. Pornographic magazines can be found at every newsstand; Adult bookstores and video stores can be found in every city. The sale and consumption of pornographic material is huge, but it shouldnt be. The sale and consumption of pornography is morally unacceptable because of its disturbing effects on the male viewer, the woman, and on society. To clearly defend or oppose pornography we must understand what makes a work pornographic. As Philosopher Harold Gardiner, S.J., interprets it, if a work is to be called pornographic it must, of its nature, be such as actually to arouse or calculated to arouse in the viewer or reader such venereal pleasure. Anything that is intended to cause sexual arousal. This includes books, movies, and photographed pictures. What defenders of pornography dont seem to want to understand is that these sexually explicit materials has troubling effects. The male viewer of pornography can be easily sucked into a world where women are there to fulfill his every sexual desire. Psychological research has found that men exposed to pornography tend to be more aggressive toward women, and become desensitized to sexual violence. This is understandable. In pornographic films, women are tortured, raped, and beaten. They are also seen as enjoying it. This shows the male viewer that these types of behavior is needed to get the ultimate sexual satisfaction. After being heavily exposed to pornography, it is almost understandable that the male view will act aggressively toward women; he sees them as objects there to satisfy his sexual desires. According to Immanuel Kant, this violates his principle of Respect for Pers...
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Read Emma Watsons 2016 UN Speech on Gender Equality
Read Emma Watson's 2016 UN Speech on Gender Equality Emma Watson, actor and UN Goodwill Ambassador, is using her fame and position with the United Nations to shine a spotlight on the problem of gender inequality and sexual assault at universities and colleges around the world. Watson made headlines in September 2014 when she launched a gender equality initiative called HeForShe with a rousing speech at the UN headquarters in New York. The speech focused on gender inequality around the world and the important role that men and boys must play in fighting for equality for girls and women. Speaking Out for Women In a more recent speech given at the UN headquarters in September 2016, Ms. Watson turned her attention to the gender double standards that many women encounter when they study and work at universities. Importantly, she connects this issue to the widespread problem of sexual violence that many women experience in the course of pursuing higher education. Ms. Watson, a proud feminist, also used the occasion to announce the publication of the first HeForShe IMPACT 10x10x10 University Parity Report, which details the challenges of gender inequality and the commitments to fighting them made by ten university presidents from around the world. The full transcript of her speech follows. Thank you all for being here for this important moment. These men from all over the world have decided to make gender equality a priority in their lives and in their universities. Thank you for making this commitment. I graduated from university four years ago. I had always dreamed of going and I know how fortunate I am to have had the opportunity to do so. Brown [University] became my home, my community, and I took the ideas and the experiences I had there into all of my social interactions, into my workplace, into my politics, into all aspects of my life. I know that my university experience shaped who I am, and of course, it does for many people. But what if our experience at university shows us that women dont belong in leadership? What if it shows us that, yes, women can study, but they shouldnt lead a seminar? What if, as still in many places around the world, it tells us that women dont belong there at all? What if, as is the case in far too many universities, we are given the message that sexual violence isnt actually a form of violence? But we know that if you change students experiences so they have different expectations of the world around them, expectations of equality, society will change. As we leave home for the first time to study at the places that we have worked so hard to get, we must not see or experience double standards. We need to see equal respect, leadership, and pay. The university experience must tell women that their brain power is valued, and not just that, but that they belong among the leadership of the university itself. And so importantly, right now, the experience must make it clear that the safety of women, minorities, and anyone who may be vulnerable is a right and not a privilege. A right that will be respected by a community that believes and supports survivors. And that recognizes that when one persons safety is violated, everyone feels that their own safety is violated. A university should be a place of refuge that takes action against all forms of violence. Thats why we believe that students should leave university believing in, striving for, and expecting societies of true equality. Societies of true equality in every sense, and that universities have the power to be a vital catalyst for that change. Our ten impact champions have made this commitment and with their work we know they will inspire students and other universities and schools across the world to do better. Im delighted to introduce this report and our progress, and Im eager to hear whats next. Thank you so much.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Mile Durkheim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Mile Durkheim - Essay Example Durkheim’s biggest goal with sociology was that he wanted it to be a quantitatively and scientifically method heavy field. As a result, he wanted to take the scientific method that was used in the natural sciences and use it on society in an effort to describe and predict collective behavior. He believed that a collective consciousness was the glue, which bound everyone together in society. This consisted of beliefs, values, traditions, etc. which all served an important role in unifying society. With the rise of the industrial era and an increase in the segmentation of jobs, he worried that society was changing as the economy was destroying the collective unconsciousness. Instead, it was being replaced upon the reliability and interconnectedness of economic principles. Being one of sociology’s principle founders, Durkheim played an important role in establishing sociology as a scientific field, rather than just as an abstract humanitarian course. This was achieved because of the emphasis he placed on taking the scientific method and applying it to society so that the research and discipline in the field would proliferate. He died on November 15,
Friday, October 18, 2019
NURSING DIAGNOSIS OF EMPHYSEMA, OSTEOPOROSIS AND HYPETENSION Essay
NURSING DIAGNOSIS OF EMPHYSEMA, OSTEOPOROSIS AND HYPETENSION - Essay Example Emphysema happens mostly in patients with reduced alpha 1- anti-trypsin (A1AT) levels. Alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency (A1AD) destroys alveolar tissues. Smoking reduces A1AT to greater extend and cause emphysema People at this stage of life are recovering from middle adulthood and experience Despair versus Integrity. The basic strength at this age is wisdom. Those who lived up to their dreams in life usually enjoy good memories and this is what is identified as integrity. Having failed to achieve better life and bearing in mind the situation of the patient's aliments, the patient is not able to find her true self to develop her personal ego as expected of her age. She may not develop wisdom This is evidenced by the patient's ailments which appear like co morbidity of several disease conditions or a cascade of ailments. she had suffered osteoporosis for 8 years, emphysema for 12 years, hyperlipidemia for 5 years and hypertension for 15 years keeping pain diary to assist in identification of irritating and ease factors on pain, assisted the patient in selecting best management strategy and acknowledge and recognize patients past experience (Green 2007) Aggrenox one (200mg) tablet twice a day, Coreg 3.125 mg per oral administration twice a day and Cozaar 50mg per oral administration everyday to reduce high blood pressure. ... Treatment Open (bronchial ventilation) by suction or giving medication that reduce secretions, acid base management techniques and use of medication. keeping pain diary to assist in identification of irritating and ease factors on pain, assisted the patient in selecting best management strategy and acknowledge and recognize patients past experience (Green 2007) Medication Aggrenox one (200mg) tablet twice a day, Coreg 3.125 mg per oral administration twice a day and Cozaar 50mg per oral administration everyday to reduce high blood pressure. Administer Acetaminophen 650mg six hours interval to relive mild pain and reduce fever. Ipratropium Bromide two puffs twice a day to reduce allergic reactions and secretions as well as for brocho-dilatation Diet 3. The patient to be put on a steady diet with more calcium and vitamin D and also carry out exercises to strengthen the back. Referred the patient to osteoporosis support. Pr Assessment Functional Health Patterns Nursing Diagnosis 1 The patient has intermittent sleep patterns only able to tolerate with HOB up in high fowler position. The patient has suffered osteoporosis for the past 8 years, multiple admission for pneumonia. Osteoporosis causes a lot of skeleton-muscular pain because the bones gradually weaken and any slight strain on the body structure is very painful(Green 2007) The functional health patterns are identified as; 1. Sleep-Rest Patterns 2. Sensory Perception Patterns Psychological Nursing diagnosis the patient experienced stress and anxiety Physiological Nursing Diagnosis The patient experienced disturbed sleeping patterns and Ineffective airway clearance In relation to being
Predictably irrational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Predictably irrational - Essay Example As a result of these accounts of conscious perceptions, we often assume that the experiences constitute a single fundamental reality. Based on this broad judgment, Venkat further reaffirms that, â€Å"the imperative nature of consciousness is practically beyond logical doubt and rather evident through predictable behavior.†(n.pag). Many make the assumption that, they are actually settling for rational and smart choices, without taking into consideration the possibility that their behavior is actually predictable. After reading Ariely’s book, I came to realize that I am also predictably irrational, especially in my life as a student, as shown by analogies drawn hereunder between the authors’ illustrations and incidents in my life. According to Ariely, it is rather intriguing to note that, human expectations, societal norms and emotions, among other undermined aspects of life, which ordinarily seem illogical, often control our capability to reason. This is a concl usion that the author draws from the fact that people astoundingly make simple mistakes, yet repeat the same types of faults daily. The author’s line of thought begins when he asks â€Å"Do our first impressions and decisions become imprinted?†(25). He goes on to elaborate that we usually overpay for certain items when shopping, we also underestimate expenses and keep procrastinating duties we are supposed to carry out eventually. The author is keen to note that these misguided doings are not random, and neither are they senseless. Apparently, these actions are logical and foreseeable, as illustrated by the experiment showing how students’ social security numbers influenced their bids for wine (Ariely 28). This possibility is explicated by Ariely in various chapters of his book, as well as, in Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, as discussed in subsequent paragraphs. In chapter six of his book, â€Å"Predictably Irrational†, Ariely focuses on the crucial aspects of self-control and procrastination (Ariely 109-119). Through a comprehensive experiment, the author realizes that his students tend to perform better in class assignments, when deadlines for work submission are spaced all through the semester, than when the deadline is set on the final day of the school term. This is an aspect he attributes to the tendency of learners to postpone work, when they think that they have sufficient time to finish writing the assignments, prior to the semester’s end. In the long run, students rush during the last minute only to do unsatisfactory work and, consequently, acquire poor grades. In contrast, spacing out deadlines and imposing potential grade or financial penalties, in addition to simplification of tasks, makes it easy for students to deal with their assignments early enough. This is because such efforts inspire self-control among students and lower incidents of procrastination. The occurrence of procrastination a mong individuals is also supported by O’Donoghue and Rabin, who suggest that â€Å"people may occasionally purchase items with high prices based on the notion that the price is
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Globalisation Of Marketing Design and Innovation Dissertation
Globalisation Of Marketing Design and Innovation - Dissertation Example According to Doyle, innovation, as a marketing strategy, has several times proved to be the key factor to reward success to many businesses. It is also considered to be the path of attaining higher growth in terms of sales, market shares, and others. However, innovation can be referred to as the development of a newly designed product, marketing channels, and marketing concepts. Thus, innovation in marketing can be stated as one of the crucial elements to achieve an efficient competitive advantage and growth. This statement can be well-observed in the case of television industry where analysts claim to witness an extraordinary chain of innovations which brought about changes in shape, color, size and other features of the genre. For instance, Lachenbruch stated that in its performance from 1953 to 1956 the television industry reached its maturity similar to radio and phonograph industries. It was the period when almost every household in America had a television set in their living r oom and thus sales of television begun to fall. By that period, a new version of television was introduced to the market, i.e. color TVs. This innovation again took the industry to its growth. These kinds of evidence can be witnessed in almost every stage of the industry, especially in terms of style and technology. This shall be evidently identified in the further discussion. The introduction of television can be identified in the early 1920s when television was presented in two broad paths.
Site visit Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Site visit - Coursework Example The National Water Company provides those services and it is important for them to be efficient in providing the services. In order for the efficiency and effectiveness of the company to be realized, the company has an information technology department. The department has the responsibility to provide network facilities, train other employees on the use of new technology and installation of new technology in the organization. IS department of National Water Company is the company’s Information Technology service provider for the company’s department’s, and division. The Information services include network installation, equipment, procurement, systems, and maintenance and operation. I visited National Water Company on 10th April 2014for 6 hours. The report evaluates the company’s computer department facilities, services, and their daily services. The paper also specifies the problems the company faces with their system. The paper has also suggested the solution based on IS study. Therefore, the paper discusses the type of infrastructure, IT security measurements, IT services, IT budget, and IT policies for National Water Company. This report has been prepared with all reasonable skill, care and diligence and summarizes the findings from the 6 hours site visit. All values quoted in this Report are based on information provided by the Client. All values quoted are estimates and may require additional detailed investigation to confirm their validity. The Saudi Arabia government has prioritized the water sector. This is attributed to the importance of the sector in the country. National Water Company abbreviated as NWC, is a Saudi Arabia Joint Stock Company that is fully owned by the Public Investment Fund. The company was established to offer wastewater and water services according to the latest international regulations by the national cadres concerned efforts in liaison with international operators via foreign
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Globalisation Of Marketing Design and Innovation Dissertation
Globalisation Of Marketing Design and Innovation - Dissertation Example According to Doyle, innovation, as a marketing strategy, has several times proved to be the key factor to reward success to many businesses. It is also considered to be the path of attaining higher growth in terms of sales, market shares, and others. However, innovation can be referred to as the development of a newly designed product, marketing channels, and marketing concepts. Thus, innovation in marketing can be stated as one of the crucial elements to achieve an efficient competitive advantage and growth. This statement can be well-observed in the case of television industry where analysts claim to witness an extraordinary chain of innovations which brought about changes in shape, color, size and other features of the genre. For instance, Lachenbruch stated that in its performance from 1953 to 1956 the television industry reached its maturity similar to radio and phonograph industries. It was the period when almost every household in America had a television set in their living r oom and thus sales of television begun to fall. By that period, a new version of television was introduced to the market, i.e. color TVs. This innovation again took the industry to its growth. These kinds of evidence can be witnessed in almost every stage of the industry, especially in terms of style and technology. This shall be evidently identified in the further discussion. The introduction of television can be identified in the early 1920s when television was presented in two broad paths.
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Teaching Tweens and Teens for Optimal Learning Research Paper
Teaching Tweens and Teens for Optimal Learning - Research Paper Example The brain is growing and changing, getting rid of information that seems to have no purpose and building pathways of behavior built upon observations on how to behave in the world. Where the family was once the center of learning, during the adolescent years, the world becomes the representation of knowledge. The size of the world is the key to finding the best possible outcomes, thus through understanding the way in which the adolescent brain works, a better understanding of how to teach teens and tweens emerges in order to create better prepared adults. The teenage mind is defined by its ability to appear to work like that of an adult, but in truth it is set to work in a very different manner. Parents are always shaking their heads and wondering why their teenagers behave the way that they do, making decisions that seem to have no reason and acting impulsively. The blame is often placed upon hormones, the common terminology reflecting an idea that it is the development of the body that is placing the teenage mind in a state of erratic behavior. Advances in neuroscience have concluded that it is not a hormonal issue that makes the behavior of teenagers so radically different than that of adults, but it is a development issue, the brain still in a state of construction in which it is still only at the stage of design, the grey matter physically being built and in the process of cutting away old synapses that are no longer needed (Feinstein, 2009, p. 4). The brain is literally growing and changing, the future of the adult in the hands of the choices made by the teenager, the brain growing in response to those changes. The nature of the teenage brain is such that in order to best teach them new methods in education may be important for producing higher levels of learning. Mind-mapping is a technique that allows for a broader use of the brain in order to see how connections are being made between varieties of concepts. Colors, pictures, symbols, and words are all combined to create a picture of how they combine to form thought (Philp, 2007, p. 17). This concept allows for an educator or academic to see how the connections between concepts are being formed for the teenage mind. According to Philp (2007) each of these conceptualized maps will be different, showing how the ways in which learning are taking place are is varied between individuals. Because the mind is being deconstructed and reconstructed, the mind of each teen is different, creating a chaotic social mix of individuals all trying to conform to teaching methods through perspectives that are all over the place. Sylwester (2007) breaks down the purpose of the brain into the â€Å"planning, regulation, and prediction of movements†(p. 15). The process of thinking can be looked at as a part of the idea of movement. One of the newest developments in understanding how learning is accomplished is through the idea of mirror neurons. The mind will function to accomplish a task, each section of the task being done through sequences of impulses that control the task. Templates of a task can also be created through what is termed mirror neurons that see the task accomplished and make plan from which the individual can also repeat that task (Stamenov, 2002, p. 273). In looking at adolescence, one can see that this process has begun new and is in
Monday, October 14, 2019
Presented in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free
Presented in Romeo and Juliet Essay During the Play of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare portrays a very strong relationship between Juliet and her father, Lord Capulet. His initial attitude shows him as a caring, protective father who wants what is best for his daughter. This caring manner continues until Scene 5 of Act 3, in which Juliet defies her father, who wishes for her to marry the County Paris. This scene acts as a turning point in the play; Lord Capulet is now shown as a malevolent father who has his own intentions for his daughters future. However, when Juliet returns apologetically to her father, and agrees to marry Paris, he once again returns to being the loving and caring father we initially identified. Lord Capulets initial attitude to his daughter was generally kind and compassionate. He calls her his hopeful lady of my earth which implies that he expects her to do well for herself. We see him as a typical father late in the 16th Century. It was commonplace for fathers to be in charge of who their daughter married, and Lord Capulet decided that Paris, a handsome, wealthy kinsman to the prince, would be able to provide for his daughters future. Lord Capulet is very protective over Juliet, he does not think she is ripe to be a bride because she is yet a stranger to the world and hath not seen the change of fourteen years. This prominently reminds us of both Lord Capulets protectiveness, and the ongoing theme of youth and age throughout the play. The point at which Lord Capulet ceases from acting behind the caring faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade come in Scene 5 of Act 3 in the play. Juliet refuses to marry Paris when her mother tells her that they have arranged her marriage. Juliet, who is secretly already married to Romeo, cannot go ahead with the marriage to Paris, and she tells her mother that she is not ready to be married so soon after Tybalts death. Although upset, her mother does not overreact to this situation, and it is only when her father enters that the situation becomes overwhelming. He shouts at her, is unpleasant towards her, and threatens to disown her if she does not do as he says. Lady Capulet is then drawn into more of a quarrelsome situation with her daughter, her line Fie, fie! what, are you mad? could be interpreted either as directed towards her husband or Juliet. It would seem that it was towards her husband as later in the scene she says to Lord Capulet You are too hot, which indicates that he is becoming too aggressive and malicious to his own daughter. This would suggest that Lord Capulet has a very influential personality, and he is able to get other people to do what he wants them to because of his authority, and their fear of what he will say if they, like Juliet did, refuse to co-operate. Lord Capulets view of a daughter is that they are almost like property, who should be married to a handsome and wealthy gentleman when they are old enough to take on this responsibility. It was usual for this to happen, and so was not treated with the same scepticism as today. In one of Paris meetings with Lord Capulet he tells him that younger than she are happy mothers made. This implies that girls who are younger than Juliet are not only already married, but mothers as well. Even when her own mother asks her about marriage, she says it is an honour I dream not of, suggesting she does not feel ready for marriage, even when her mother reminds us that younger than you are already made mothers. Generally, Lord Capulet does care for his daughter, but does not respect her wishes and opinions as we would expect in todays modern society. Capulets anger at Juliets defiance was the first point when we saw another side to him. He returns to being the gentle father only when Juliet comes to apologise to him. She tells him she has been at confession and has come to accept the offer of marriage from Paris. Her father then becomes the agreeable jovial character we first knew. His angry personality is only evident if things are not going in according with his plans, or Juliet is disobedient to him; he is almost like a spoilt child who does not like it when he does not get what he wants. When Juliet appears to be dead in Scene 5 of Act 4, Capulet seems to be devastated. He states that death lies on her like an untimely frost which to all the other people on stage is accepted as a genuine comment from a grieving father. Alternatively, this could have been interpreted as another selfish comment; the use of the word untimely emphasising the inconvenience of it to his plans. Capulet is once again being slightly selfish, he feels as though he has lost a daughter, rather than his daughter has lost her life, and he is worrying about how it will affect him instead of grieving for her. At the end of the play when Friar Lawrence Tells everyone the truth about the events through the play, I think Lord Capulet realises how narrow-minded he has been. He recognises that he has not treated his daughter with the respect she needed, and is aware that she had to marry Romeo secretly because he would never have agreed to it. It is this recognition of the error of his ways that leaves the audience feeling that Lord Capulet is a good father. He acts upon what he has learnt straight away by calling Lord Montague his brother, and asking him to give me thy hand to help them reach a better understanding. Behind Lord Capulets capricious faade, we see a father who cares for his daughter, but does not always know how to show it. His unpredictable nature was due to this, and it is not until the end of the play when the true Lord Capulet is revealed. He shows remorse towards the death of his daughter and Romeo also, and looks towards the Montagues to help each other in grieving for their children by settling the dispute between the families. Overall, Capulet is a good father to Juliet, but his influential position makes him feel under constant pressure to do what is right; both for his daughter and his image to the rest of the Capulets.
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